The nine types
of conjugation are identifiable in Georgian:
1.Type 1 (Conjugation of active voice verbs)
syntactically follows the pattern B. Inversion occurs in the
third series. Future tense is formed from the present by
adding a preverb. See the table below, type 1. (Click here to
view the paradigm in all screeves: xatavsxat'avs).
2. Type 2 (Conjugation of dynamic passive voice verbs) syntactically follows the pattern A. Inversion does not occurin the third series. The future tense is formed from the present tense by adding a preverb. See the table below, type 2. (Click here to view the paradigm in all screeves: izrdeba izrdeba.
Some verbs
from this group have an experiencer subject and syntactically
follow the pattern C:
they are inversive in all three series; e. g.: m-e-Zin-eb-a m-e-dzin-eb-a "I want to sleep" (I am
willing to sleep, I am sleepy) . Morphological and syntactical
subject "it" ("content" subject Zili
dzili "sleep")
that is marked in the verb form by the suffix -a -a
is usually omitted.
The experiencer
subject (logic subject) me me "I" is marked by
the object person marker m- m-.This means that
morphological and syntactical object me me
"I" is understood as a logic subject since the morphological
and syntactical subject ("content" subject Zili dzili "sleep") - the third person - (which
is marked in the verb form by the suffix-a -a)
is omitted. All these changes are caused by semantics of the
verb, cf. the verb with the same morphology: m-e-xat-eb-a m-e-xat'-eb-a "Something is being painted for
me" where me me "I" is a
morphological and syntactical object, as well as a logical
object (indirect object) .
Passive verb formed by the prefix can express the
active action; e. g. in the sentence werili
iwereba c'erili ic'ereba the grammatical
subject werili c'erili is
acted upon. But if in such construction the grammatical subject
is an animate subject, then the passive verb form can obtain a
function of an active verb and it follows the syntactic pattern
of the active verbs; e. g.:
| megobar-i | sofl-idan | weril-s | i-wer-eb-a |
| megobar-i | sopl-idan | c'eril-s | i-c'er-eb-a |
| friend-Nom | village-Instr.from | letter-Dat. | Vowelpref.-write-Them. -3 Subj.Sing |
A friend is
writing a letter from the village.
| megobar-ma | sofl-idan | weril-i | mo-i-wer-a |
| megobar-ma | sopl-idan | c'eril-i | mo-i-c'er-a |
| friend-Erg | village-Instr.from | letter-Nom. | Preverb-Vowelpref.-write- -3 Subj.Sing |
A friend wrote
a letter from the village.
| megobar-s | sofl-idan | weril-i | mo-u-wer-ia |
| megobar-s | sopl-idan | c'eril-i | mo-u-c'er-ia |
| friend-Dat. | village-Instr.from | letter-Nom. | Peverb-Vowelpref.-write-Them. -Perfective |
Apparently a
friend has written a letter from the village.
3. Class III, Type 3 (Conjugation of middle-active
voice verbs) Follows the pattern B.
Inversion
occurs in the third series. Future tense is formed by adding
the prefix i- (/u-) and the thematic suffix -eb to the present
tense form. The same stem (formed by adding the prefix
i-/u-) is used in the second series. See the table
below, type 3. (Click here to view the
paradigm in all screeves: the table cxovrobscxovrobs
(Click here
to vew the transcription of the table)
Class III,
subgroup ending in the suffix -i (Conjugation of middle-active verbs).
See the table below, type 4. These verbs follow the pattern B (tiris t'ir-i-s s/he is crying, icinis icin-i-s
s/he is laughing..)
Class III;
subgroup ending in an auxiliary verb. Read here.
Class IV, Type
4 (Conjugation of stative
passive verbs). These verbs follow
the pattern A
(e. g.: afenia apenia it is spread on it)
Irregular
verbs. (Click here to view the paradigm in all screeves for
the verb: aris aris (transcriptions of
the tables aris).
This verb follows the pattern A (the
subject remains in the nominative in all three series) :
is aris is aris he is
is iyo is iq'o he was
is yofila is q'opila apparently he
has been
The verbs having an experiencer or possessor subject follow the pattern C (e. g. aqvs akvs s/he/it has, uyvars uq'vars s/he/it loves it).
N o t e: The shared feature for Class IV verbs is the lack of own forms in some screeves. This lack is usually compensated with the "loan" forms from the corresponding active or passive voice forms: middle-actives "borrow" forms of the subjective version of the active voice verbs (cxovrobs - *icxovra cxovrobs - *icxovra), middle-passives "borrow" forms of the passive voice forms: (uyvars - (uyvardeba) -*Seuyvarda uq'vars - *sheuq'varda). "Borrowed" forms are marked by asterisks.
The types of conjugation:
|
See also the table xatavsxat'avs |
See also the table izrdebaizrdeba |
||
| The third Subject person marker (//ending) in the singular in the present | -s
-s |
-eb-a -eb-a |
|
| xat-av-s
xat'-av-s (he paints) |
Tb-eb-a tb-eb-a (he warms himself) |
||
| Form of the future | Preverb+Present | Preverb+Present | |
| da-xat-av-s
da-xat'-av-s (he will paint) |
ga-Tbeba ga-tbeba (he will warm himself) |
||
| Suffix producing a stem of the Imperfect | -d -d | -od -od | |
| xat-av-d-a
xat'-av-d-a (he was painting) |
Tbeb-od-a tbeb-od-a (he was warming himself) |
||
| Form of the third series | Inversion occurs: | No inversion, auxiliary verb occurs in the first and the second subject persons | |
| da-m-ixatia da-m-ixat'ia (It turns out I have painted) (cf. Present: v-xatavv-xat'av) | ga-v-mTbar-var ga-v-mtbar-var
(It turns out I have warmed myself) (cf. v-Tbebi v-tbebi) |
|
cxovrobscxovrobs |
|
|||
| The third Subject person marker (//ending) in the singular in the present | -s -s | -i-s -i-s
|
||
| ø-cxovr-ob-s
ø-cxovr-ob-s |
v-tir-i v-t'ir-i (I am crying) tir-i-s t'ir-i-s (s/he is crying) |
|||
| Form of the future | Vowel prefix i-(/u-)+Present(/+eb-s) | Vowel prefix i-(/u-)+Present(/+eb-s) | ||
| i-cxovr-eb-s
i-cxovr-eb-s |
i-tir-eb-s i-t'ir-eb-s |
|||
| Suffix producing a stem of the Imperfect | -d -d | -od -od | ||
| 0-cxovrobd-a 0-cxovrob-d-a | tir-od-a t'ir-od-a (he was going away) |
|||
| Form of the third series | Inversion | Inversion |
||
| m-i-cxovria
m-i-cxovria (cf. v-cxovrob) |
m-i-tir-ia m-i-t'ir-ia |
© Manana Kock Kobaidze