In the present tense, the third subject person markers differ depending on the structure of the stem.
Observe: this
classification concerns only the
ending
of verbs in the present tense; the general classification of
Georgian
verbs
will be presented at the end of the course.
| Types |
|
|
1 and 3 |
-VC -VC (-eb, -ob, -av, -am, -ev, etc.) |
-s -s (Singular) -en -en (Plural) |
| 2. | -eb-i
-eb-i |
-a
-a (Singular) -i-an
|
| 3.2 | -i -i (if it is not preceded by the suffix -eb, unlike the group 2 above) |
-s -s (Singular) -i-an
|
| 4.1 |
-var -var -xar -xar |
-s
-s (Singular) -an
|
| 4.2 |
-i-var -i-var -i-xar -i-xar |
-i-a -i-a (Singular) -i-an
|
| 4.3 | (-i-)var -i-var (-i-)xar -i-xar [vundi-i-var] |
-a -a (Singular) -a(-T) |
EXAMPLES:
1. Type
1: Verbs that have
a direct object and end in
the sequence -VC
(vowel-consonant)
(-eb, -ob, -av, -am, -ev, etc.) (Class 1)
| me me (I) | v-aSen-eb
(saxls) v-ashen-eb (I am building a house) |
Cven chven(we) | v-aSen-eb-T
v-ashen-eb-t (We are building) |
| Sen shen (you) | aSen-eb
ashen-eb(You are building) |
Tqven tkven(you) | aSen-eb-T
ashen-eb-t (You are building) |
| is is (s/he) | aSen-eb-s
ashen-eb-s(S/he is building) |
isini isini(they) | aSen-eb-en
ashen-eb-en (They are building) |
| me me (I) | v-Tb-eb-i
v-tb-eb-i (I am warming myself) |
Cven chven (we) | v-Tb-eb-i-T
v-tb-eb-i-t (We are warming myself) |
| Sen shen (you) | Tb-eb-i
tb-eb-i (You are warming yourselves) |
Tqven tkven (you) | Tb-eb-i-T
tb-eb-i-t (You are warming yourselves) |
| is is s/he | Tb-eb-a
tb-eb-a (He is warming himself) |
isini isini they | Tb-eb-i-an
tb-eb-i-an (They are warming himself) |
| me me (I) | v-cxovr-ob
v-cxovr-ob (I live) |
Cven chven(we) | v-cxovr-ob-T v-cxovr-ob-t (We live) |
| Sen shen (you) | cxovr-ob
cxovr-ob (You live) |
Tqven tkven(you) | cxovr-ob-T cxovr-ob-t (You live) |
| is is (s/he) | cxovr-ob-s cxovr-ob-s(S/he lives) |
isini isini(they) | cxovr-ob-en cxovr-ob-en (They live) |
4. Type 3.2 Optional
direct object (or a labil direct object) and ending in -i. The
ending -i -i is
not preceded by the suffix -eb- in the first and the second
subject
persons
(unlike the type 1 above) signals the ending -s
-s in the third person singular and -i-an
-i-an
in the third person plural in the present tense (Class 3) :
| me me (I) | v-mRer-i
(simReras) v-mgher-i (I am singing a song) |
Cven chven (we) | v-mRer-i-T
v-mgher-i-t (We are singing) |
| Sen shen (you) | mRer-i
mgher-i (You are singing) |
Tqven tkven (you) | mRer-i-T
mgher-i-t (You are singing) |
| is is s/he | mRer-i-s
mgher-i-s (He is singing) |
isini isini (they) | mRer-i-an
mgher-i-an (They are singing) |
| me me (I) | v-wux-var
(mis gamo) v-c'ux-var (I am worried about him) |
Cven chven (we) | v-wux-var-T
v-c'ux-var-t (We are worried) |
| Sen shen (you) | wux-xar
c'ux-xar (You are worried) |
Tqven tkven (you) | wux-xar-T
c'ux-xar-t (You are worried) |
| is is s/he | wux-s c'ux-s (He is worried) |
isini isini they | wux-an c'ux-an (They are worried) |
| me me (I) | v-Can-var
v-chan-var (I am visible, I am being seen) |
Cven chven (we) | v-Can-var-T
v-chan-var-t (We are visible) |
| Sen shen (you) | Can-xar
chan-xar (You are visible) |
Tqven tkven (you) | Can-xar-T
chan-xar-t (You are visible) |
| is is s/he | Can-s chan-s (He is visible) |
isini isini they | Can-an chan-an (They are visible) |
| me me (I) | v-dga-var
v-dga-var (I am standing) |
Cven chven (we) | v-dga-var-T
v-dga-var-t (We are standing) |
| Sen shen (you) | dga-xar
dga-xar (You are standing) |
Tqven tkven (you) | dga-xar-T
dga-xar-t (You are standing) |
| is is s/he | dga-s
dga-s (He is standing) |
isini isini they | dga-n-an
dga-n-an (They are standing) |
| me me (I) | v-uyvar-var
mas v-uq'var-var mas (I am loved to/by him/her) S/he loves me |
Cven chven (we) | v-uyvar-var-T
mas v-uq'var-var-t mas S/he loves us |
| Sen shen (you) | uyvar-xar
mas uq'var-xar mas S/he loves you |
Tqven tkven (you) | uyvar-xar-T
mas uq'var-xar-t mas S/he loves you |
| is is s/he | uyvar-s mas uq'var-s mas S/he loves him/her |
isini isini they | uyvar-s mas uq'var-s mas S/he loves them/ uyvar-T maT uq'var-t mat They love them |
The
ending -i-var
-i-var in the first subject person and -i-xar
-i-xar in the second subject person signals the suffix -i-a
-i-a
in the third subject person singular and the suffix -i-an
-i-an in the plural (Class 4):
| me me (I) | v-wer-i-var
v-c'er-i-var (I am written) |
Cven chven (we) | v-wer-i-var-T
v-c'er-i-var-t (We are written) |
| Sen shen (you) | wer-i-xar
c'er-i-xar (You are written) |
Tqven tkven (you) | wer-i-xar-T
c'er-i-xar-t (You are written) |
| is is s/he | wer-i-a
c'er-i-a (He is written) |
isini isini they | wer-i-an
c'er-i-an (They are written) |
| me me (I) |
v-und-i-var
mas v-und-i-var mas (I am wanted to/by him/her) he/she wants me |
Cven chven (we) | v-und-i-var-T
mas v-und-i-var-t mas He/she wants us |
| Sen shen (you) | und-i-xar
mas und-i-xar mas He/she wants you |
Tqven tkven (you) | und-i-xar-T
mas und-i-xar-t mas He/she wants you (all) |
| is is s/he | und-a mas und-a mas He/she wants him/her/it |
isini isini they | und-a mas und-a mas He/she wants him/her und-a-T maT und-a-t mat They want them |
| me me (I) |
m-cxela m-cxela I am hot - it is hot to me |
Cven chven (we) | gv-cxela gv-cxela We are hot - it is hot to us |
| Sen shen (you) | g-cxela g-cxela You are hot - it is hot to you |
Tqven tkven (you) | g-cxela-T g-cxela-t You are hot - it is hot to you |
| mas is s/he | s-cxela s-cxela s/he is hot - it is hot to him/her |
maT isini they | s-cxela-T s-cxela-t They are hot - it is hot to them |