Types of sentences

Types of sentences

Simple unextended and simple extended sentences were discussed in the previous lessons.
Compound sentences and complex sentences will be touched upon in this part.

A short information section about questions, imperative sentences, and negative sentences is also included.

You will find the following sections below.

Coordinate sentence (compound sentence)
Complex sentence

Types of subordinate clauses

Attributive clauses
Adverbial clauses
Subject and object clauses

Non-finite complements

Questions and negative sentences

Coordinate sentence (compound sentence)

A coordinate sentence (compound sentence) consists of two (or more) clauses. They are independent from each other and are joined either by means of coordinating conjunctions (1) or without them (2):

(1)

გუშინ სტუმრები მოვიდნენ და მე სახლში არ ვიყავი

gushin st'umr-eb-i mo-vid-nen da me saxl-shi ar
v-iq'avi

yesterday guest-Pl-Nom Preverb-com-3Subj.Pl.AOR. and I house-in not 1Subj.-be.AOR.

Yesterday the guests came and I was not at home.

(2)

მე მივდივარ, ნინო რჩება

me mi-v-di-var, Nino-ø rcheb-a

I.NOM Preverb-1Subj-go-Aux.verb.PRES Nino-NOM stay-3Subj.PRES

I am leaving; Nino stays.

Coordinating conjunctions in Georgian are:
და da and, მაგრამ magram but, ან ... ან an ... an either ....or, რადგან radgan for, რაკი rak'i for etc.

დედა სადილს ამზადებს და ნინო თამაშობს

deda-ø sadil-s amzad-eb-s da nino-ø tamash-ob-s

mother-Nom lunch-Dat prepare-Them.suff.-3Subj.PRES and Nino-Nom. play-Them.suff.-3Subj.PRES

Mother is preparing lunch and Nino is playing.

მე მინდა წასვლა მაგრამ ნინო არ მოდის

me m-ind-a c'asvla-ø magram Nino-ø ar mo-di-s

I 1Obj.-want-3Subj.PRES.INVERS. go-Nom. but Nino-Nom not Preverb-come-3Subj.PRES

I want to go but Nino does not go there.

ან
პალტო ჩაიცვი, ან
სახლიდან არ გამოხვიდე.

an palt'o-ø cha-icvi an saxl-idan ar gamo-x-vid-e.

or coat-Nom Preverb-2Subj.dress.IMPERATIVE or house-from not Preverb-2Subj.-come-OPT (Imperative)

Either put on the coat or don't go out.

Complex sentence
A complex sentence consists of two or more clauses. One among them is a principal (main) clause, and any others are subordinate clauses. A subordinate clause fulfills a function of a member of the principal clause; instead of a one word (that could be e. g. a member, expressing the time of action - adverbial modifier of time) the whole clause (subordinate clause) is embedded into another clause (into the principal clause); e. g.:

Simple sentence (the time is expressed by a simple member - გუშინ gushin yesterday):

გუშინ სახლში არ ვიყავი.

gushin saxl-shi ar v-iq'avi.

yesterday house-in not 1Subj.-be.AOR

Yesterday I was not at home.

Complex sentence (the time is expressed by an embedded clause - subordinate clause):

როცა სტუმრები მოვიდნენ, სახლში არ ვიყავი

roca st'umr-eb-i mo-vid-nen saxl-shi ar v-iq'avi.

when guest-Pl-Nom Preverb-com-3Subj.Pl.AOR house-in not 1Subj-be.AOR

When the guest came, I was not at home.

A subordinate clause is introduced by a relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction, thereby making it dependent on a main clause.

A subordinate clause may fulfill a function of adverbial modifiers (adverbial modifier of time, place, manner etc.), of objects, subject, predicate or any other member of a sentence. Depending on this function, five types of subordinate clauses occur: subject clauses, object clauses, predicative clauses, attributive clauses and adverbial clauses.

Types of subordinate clauses

Attributive clauses

Attributive clauses are formed by a relative pronoun (or by another relative word) in the initial position. The head noun precedes the clause out of which it is relativized. The case markings of the head noun in the principal clause and in the subordinate clause are independent. The grammatical role of the head noun in the subordinate clause is defined by a predicate of the subordinate clause and is marked by a case suffix on the relative pronoun.

(3a) მხატვარმა, რომელმაც სურათი მაჩუქა, თეატრში დამპატიჟა.
mxat'var-ma, romel-ma-c surat-i m-achuk-a, teat'r-shi da-m-p'at'izh-a
artist-ERG which-ERG-Rel.particle painting-NOM 1Obj-give-3Subj.AOR theater-in Preverb-1Obj.-invite-3Subj.AOR
The artist, who gave me the painting, invited me to the theater

(3b) მხატვარმა, რომელიც სურათს მიხატავს, თეატრში დამპატიჟა.
mxat'var-ma, romel-i-c surat-s m-i-xat'av-s, teat'r-shi da-m-p'at'izh-a
artist-ERG which-NOM-Rel.particle painting-DAT 1Obj-Obj.version-paint-3Subj.PRES
theater-in Preverb-1Obj.-invite-3Subj.AOR
The artist, who paints the painting for me, invited me to the theater

Adverbial clauses
Adverbial clauses perform the function of an adverbial modifier in the complex sentence. They are formed by subjunctions and finite complements.

(1) სახლში არ ვიყავი, როცა სტუმრები მოვიდნენ.
saxl-shi ar v-iqâavi, roca stâumr-eb-i mo-vid-nen
house-in not 1Subj.-be-IMP when guest-Pl-Nom. Preverb-come-3Subj.Pl.AOR
I was not at home when the guests came

(2) დავბრუნდი იქ, სადაც ადრე ვცხოვრობდი.
da-v-brund-i ik, sadac adre v-cxovr-ob-d-i.
Preverb-1Subj.-return-AOR. there where-Rel.particle before 1Subj-live-them.suffix-Suffix producing a stem-IMPERF
I returned where I lived before.

Subject and object clauses

When a subordinate clause functions as a subject or an object, it takes the form of either a finite clause or a non-finite - masdar clause. Finite clauses distinguish indicative and subjunctive forms. The example in (a) shows a finite complement (indicative) and the one in (b) a finite complement (subjunctive). The example in (c) shows a non-finite complement. A sentence containing a non-finite complement is considered to be a simple sentence in Georgian because a non-finite complement behaves and is case marked as a nominal.

(4) a გელა ფიქრობს, რომ ნინო მოვა.
gela-ø pikr-ob-s, rom nino-ø mo-v-a
Gela-NOM think-Them.suff.-3Subj.PRES that Nino-NOM Preverb-come-3Subj.FUT
Gela thinks that Nino will come

b მსურს, რომ ნინო მოვიდეს.
m-sur-s, rom nino-ø mo-vid-e-s
1Obj-want-3Subj.PRES.INVRS. that Nino-NOM Preverb-come-OPT-3Subj
I want Nino to come

c მსურს ნინოს მოსვლა.
m-sur-s Nino-s mo-svla-ø
1Obj-want-3Subj.PRES.INVRS. Nino-DAT Preverb-come-NOM
I want Nino to come

The term "finite" covers all verb forms which include personal marking. "Indicative" and "subjunctive" refer to forms occurring in complement clauses, where "subjunctive" covers the optative and pluperfect and "indicative" forms are represented by the present, imperfect, future and aorist.

An indicative complement remains the same as it was as a main clause; neither the word order nor the morphology is affected, cf. (5a,b).

(5) a ნიკო ტაქსის მძღოლია.
nik'o-ø t'aks-is mdzghol-i-a
Niko-NOM taxi-GEN driver-NOM-is
Niko is a taxi driver

b ვანომ იცის, რომ ნიკო ტაქსის მძღოლია.
vano-m ici-s, rom nik'o-ø t'aks-is mdzghol-i-a
Vano-ERG know-3Subj.PRES that Niko-NOM taxi-GEN driver-NOM-is
Vano knows that Niko is a taxi driver

The subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses when the matrix predicate expresses a wish, intention, necessity, possibility or fear (Vogt 1971:200). In the subjunctive complement clause, the word order remains the same as in the main clause, but the case assignment changes in relation to the requirements of tense/aspect series in the complement predicate.

(6) a ნინო გაიმარჯვებს.
nino-ø ga-i-mardzhv-eb-s
Nino-NOM Preverb-Subj.version-win-Them.suff.-3Subj.FUT
Nino will win

b გელას უნდა, რომ ნინომ გაიმარჯოს.
gela-s und-a, rom nino-m ga-i-mardzh-o-s
Gela-DAT want-3Subj.PRES.INVERS. that Nino-ERG Preverb-Subj.vers.-win-OPT-3Subj
Gela wants Nino to win

The basic pattern of tense/mood dependencies in sentences where subjunctive complements are required, is that a matrix predicate in the present (or future) imposes the optative form on its complement verb. A matrix verb in any past tense form requires its complement verb to appear in the pluperfect. Recall that the optative belongs to the second tense/aspect-series and the pluperfect to the third, motivating the difference in marking. The matrix predicate in (a) occurs in the present tense, in (b) in imperfect and aorist, past tenses, and in (c) another past tense, the perfect.

(7) a მინდა/ვაპირებ გამოვაცხო ნამცხვარი.
m-ind-a
1Obj-want-3Subj.PRES.INVRS.
v-ap'ir-eb
1Subj-intend-Them.suff.PRES
gamo-v-acx-o
Preverb-1Subj-bake-OPT
namcxvar-i
cake-NOM
I want/intend/to bake a cake

(7) b მინდოდა/დავაპირე გამომეცხო ნამცხვარი.
m-ind-od-a
1Obj-want-Stem prod.suffix-3Subj.IMP.INVRS.
da-v-ap'ir-e
Preverb-1Subj-intend-AOR.
gamo-m-ecx-o
Preverb-1Obj.bake-PLUP.INVERS.
namcxvar-i
cake-NOM
I wanted/intended/to bake a cake

(7) c მომინდომებია/დამიპირებია გამომეცხო ნამცხვარი.
mo-m-ind-om-eb-ia/
Preverb-1Obj-want-Stem prod.suffix-Perfect.INVERS.
da-m-ip'ir-eb-ia
Preverb-1Obj-intend-Them.suff.-Perfect.INVERS.
gamo-m-ecx-o
Preverb-1Obj.bake-PLUP.INVERS.
namcxvar-i
cake-NOM
I have wanted/intended/to bake a cake

The complementizer rom, rom, "that, to", is usually obligatory with indicative complements, but often omitted with subjunctive complements. When the complement is an indirect question, an interrogative pronoun occurs as the complementizer.

(8) ვიცი, ვინ არის, სად ცხოვრობს.
v-ici, vin ari-s, sad cxovr-ob-s
1Subj-know-PRES, who be-3Subj.PRES, where live-Them.suff.PRES
I know who he is, where he lives

Non-finite complements

Nominalized counterparts of finite complement clauses are headed by so-called masdars (or verbal nouns) and participles (or verbal adjectives).
Sentences containing non-finite complements are considered to be simple sentences in Georgian because a non-finite complement behaves and is case marked as a nominal.

When the lexical category of the predicate changes from a finite verb to a masdar in the complement clause, the following may be observed. Being a noun, the masdar is assigned case by its head predicate. The subordinate clause (finite complement) represented in the example (9c) has its corresponding non-finite form - the example (9b). In the sentence 9(b) the predicate (direct verb) appears in the aorist, assigning the ergative case to its subject and the nominative case to its direct object, i.e. to the masdar. The masdar does not have any direct object (unlike the infinitive of the Indo-European languages). In Georgian, the direct object of the finite verb and a finite verb have completely different syntactical relations to each other than the masdar and its logical "direct object", which is marked by the genitive case. The order moyvana maTi moq'vana mati is also possible, though rare, and does not change the grammatical relations in the masdar clause.

(9) a მან მოიყვანა მეგობარი
man mo-i-q'van-a megobar-i
he-ERG Preverb-Rel.mark.-bring-3Subj.AOR friend-NOM
He brought a friend with him

b მან მოახერხა მეგობრის მოყვანა
man mo-a-xerx-a megobr-is moq'vana-ø
he-ERG Preverb-Neutr.vers.-manage-3Subj.AOR firend-GEN bring-NOM
He managed to bring a friend with him ("He managed friend's bringing")

c მან მოახერხა, რომ მეგობარი მოეყვანა
man mo-a-xerx-a rom megobar-i mo-eq'van-a
he-ERG Preverb-Neutr.vers.-manage-3Subj.AOR that friend-NOM Preverb-Rel.mark.-bring-3Subj.Pluperfect
He managed to bring a friend with him

The non-finite complements, i.e. the masdar complements are reduced in several respects compared to the finite ones. They lack any morphological realization of the categories tense, mood, version and person/number. The nominal category marked on the masdar is case (in 10a and 10b); cf. the finite clauses (10c and 10 d):

(10) a დავაპირებ სტატიის დაწერა-ს
da-v-a-p'ir-eb st'at'i-is da-c'er-a-s
Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-Them.suff.FUT article-GEN Preverb-write-Masdar sufffix-DAT
I will intend to write an article

b დავაპირე სტატიის დაწერა
da-v-a-p'ir-e st'at'i-is da-c'er-a-ø
Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-AOR article-GEN Preverb-write-Masdar sufffix-NOM
I intended to write an article

c დავაპირებ, რომ სტატია დავწერო
da-v-a-p'ir-eb
Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-Them.suff.FUT

rom st'at'ia-ø da-v-c'er-o
that article-NOM Preverb-1Subj-write-OPT
I will intend to write an article

d
დავაპირე, რომ სტატია დამეწერა
davap'ire
Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-AOR

rom st'at'ia-ø da-m-e-c'er-a
that article-NOM Preverb-1Subj.Invers.-Vowel prefix-write-3Subj.PLUP.INVERS
I Iintended to write an article

An adverbial modifier of purpose may also be expressed either by subordinate purpose clauses (11b) or by non-finite forms, such as a future participle in the adverbial case (11a):

(11) a შევედი სამზარეულოში სადილის მოსამზადებლად.
she-ø-ved-i samzareulo-shi sadil-is mo-sa-mzadeb-l-ad
Preverb-1Subj-go-AOR kitchen-in lunch-GEN Preverb-appointed for-prepare-Stem suff.-Adverbial case
I went into the kitchen to prepare lunch.

b შევედი სამზარეულოში, რომ სადილი მომემზადებინა.
she-ø-ved-i samzareulo-shi, rom sadil-i mo-m-e-mzadebin-a
Preverb-1Subj-go-AOR kitchen-in that lunch-NOM Preverb-1Obj-Rel.mark.-prepare-3Subj.PLUP.INVERS
I went into the kitchen to prepare lunch.

While the nominative, ergative and dative cases mark complements of finite verbs, complements of verbal nouns occur in the genitive case. There is a regular correspondence between the grammatical function of the complement with respect to the finite verb and its marking in the masdar construction. The difference in case marking observed in the three tense/aspect-series of direct verbs, is neutralized in the marking of subjects/objects of masdars.

Table. Case assigned by finite verbs and masdars

Gramm. role Finite verb Masdar (Infinitive)

SUB intr კაცი მოვიდა
k'ac-i mo-vid-a
man-NOM Preverb-come-3Subj.AOR კაცის მოსვლა
k'ac-is mo-svla-ø
man-GEN Preverb-come-NOM

DO trans (ის) წერილს წერს
(is) c'eril-s c'er-s
(he-NOM) letter-DAT write-3Subj.PRES წერილის დაწერა
c'eril-is da-c'era-ø
letter-GEN Preverb-write-NOM

DO trans (მან) წერილი დაწერა
(man) c'eril-i da-c'er-a
(he-ERG) letter-NOM Preverb-write-3Subj.AOR წერილის დაწერა
c'eril-is da-c'era-ø
letter-GEN Preverb-write-NOM

SUB trans კაცი (წერილს) წერს
k'ac-i (c'eril-s) c'er-s
man-NOM (letter-DAT) write-3Subj.PRES დაწერა კაცის მიერ
da-c'era-ø k'ac-is mier
Preverb-write-NOM man-GEN by

SUB trans კაცმა (წერილი) დაწერა
k'ac-ma (c'eril-i) da-c'er-a
man-ERG (letter-NOM) Preverb-write-3Subj.AOR დაწერა კაცის მიერ
da-c'era-ø k'ac-is mier
Preverb-write-NOM man-GEN by

IO ditrans (კაცი) (წერილს) მეგობარს მისწერს
(k'ac-i) (c'eril-s) megobar-s mi-s-c'er-s
(man-NOM) (letter-DAT) friend-DAT Prev.-3Ind.Obj.-write-3Subj.FUT მიწერა მეგობრისთვის
mi-c'era-ø megobr-is-tvis
Preverb-write-NOM friend-GEN-for

Thus, the subject of an intransitive masdar and the direct object of a transitive one remain in the bare genitive case, while the subject of a transitive masdar is marked by the genitive + the postposition mier mier and an indirect object takes the genitive case + the postposition -Tvis, -tvis .
Two verbal categories expressed morphologically in the masdar are aspect and causation. The perfective aspect is marked by the presence of a preverb in the initial position in the verb.

(12) a მინდა სტატიის წერა.
m-ind-a st'at'i-is c'er-a-ø
1Obj-want-3Subj.PRES.INVRS. article-GEN write-Masdar sufffix-NOM
I want to write an article

b მინდა სტატიის დაწერა.
m-ind-a st'at'i-is da-c'er-a-ø
1Obj-want-3Subj.PRES.INVRS. article-GEN Preverb-write-Masdar suff.-NOM
I want to write (=finish) the article

It is possible to derive causative masdars from causative verbs, retaining the causative marker -in-in-, as in (13b). The last sentence is included for comparison. It is the finite equivalent of the complement with the causative verbal noun. The causee (=the "former" subject) has the grammatical role of an indirect object.

(13) a დავაპირე შარვლის შეკერვა.
da-v-a-p'ir-e sharvl-is she-k'erv-a-ø
Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-AOR trousers-GEN Preverb-sew-Masd.suff.-NOM
I intended to sew trousers

b დავაპირე შარვლის შეკერვინება.
da-v-a-p'ir-e sharvl-is she-k'erv-in-eb-a-ø
Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-AOR trousers-GEN Preverb-sew-Caus.-Them.suff.-Masdar Suff.-NOM
I intended to get trousers sewn

c დავაპირე, რომ შარვალი ნიკოს შევაკერინო.
da-v-a-pir-e, rom sharval-i Nik'o-s she-v-a-k'er-in-o
Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-AOR that trousers-NOM Nik'o-DAT Preverb-1Subj-CausPr-sew-CausSuf-OPT
I intended to make Niko sew trousers.

Questions and negative sentences

Negation

Negation in Georgian is marked by the particles: ar ar, ver ver or nu nu. As shown below, they have slightly different meanings and uses. The most neutral negation is ar ar, whereas ver ver is connected with inability and nu nu is used in warnings and requests not to do something. The negation is placed immediately before the verb.

1 (a) რატომ არ ჭამ? -- არ მინდა.
rat'om ar ø-ch'am? -- ar m-ind-a
why NEG 2Subj-eat.PRES -- NEG 1Obj-want-3Subj.PRES.INVERS.
Why do you not eat it? -- I don't want to.

(b) ვერ ჭამ. კბილი მტკივა.
ver v-ch'am. k'bili m-t'k'iv-a
NEG 1Subj.-eat.PRES. tooth-NOM 1Obj-pain-3Subj.PRES.INVERS.
-- I can't eat. My tooth is aching.

(c) ამდენს ნუ ჭამ! ავად გახდები.
amdens nu ø-ch'am! avad ga-ø-xdebi
so.much-DAT NEG 2Subj-eat.PRES sick Preverb-2Subj-become.FUT
Don't eat so much. You will be sick.

Double negation often occurs with negating pronouns such as არავინ aravin nobody, არასდროს arasdros never, არსად arsad nowhere:

2. არავინ არ მოვიდა
aravin ar mo-vid-a
nobody NEG(not) Preverb-.come-3Subj.AOR
Nobody came.

Negation and inversion

Forms of the third series (particularly, of the perfect //the first resultative) are used in negative clauses too when the speaker wants to mention only the result, but not about his or her own part in or attitude toward the process that caused these consequences, e. g.

არ დავწერე ar davc'ere (the verb is in the aorist) means that I have not written because I did not want to write.

ვერ დავწერე ver davc'ere (the verb is still in the aorist but another particle of negation occurs) means that I have not written because I did not manage to write; this nuance is expressed by the particle ver ver.

არ დამიწერია ar damic'eria (the verb is in the perfect) denotes just the result (that I have not written) without showing the reason or my own attitude to this fact.

Questions

Yes- and no-questions are recognized by a special intonation pattern with a marked rise at the end of the question. Example (3) illustrates this intonation pattern. Word order changes are not used in forming questions.

3. ვანო, სად არის ჩემი ქართულ-ინგლისური ლექსიკონი? ნახე?
vano, sad aris chemi kartul-inglisuri leksik'oni? naxe?
Vano, where is my Georgian-English dictionary. Have you seen it?

In wh-questions (question word questions, i.e. questions with question words such as what, where, who, when etc) the wh-word is usually found in initial position, followed by the verb, although other sequences are also possible.

ვინ vin Who

რა ra What

სად sad Where

როდის rodis When

რატომ rat'om Why

საიდან saidan Where from

როგორ rogor How

რამდენი ramdeni How many, how much

რანაირი ranairi What kind

საითკენ saitk'en In what direction

როდემდე rodemde to what time, until when

Note that the wh-word is placed immediately before the verb:

4. a სად დაავიწყდა ნიკოს თავისი ქაღალდები?
sad da-a-vic'q'd-a nik'o-s tavis-i kaghald-eb-i?
where Preverb-Neutr.vers-.forget.-3Subj.AOR Nik'o-DAT his(REFL)-NOM. paper-Pl-NOM
Where did Niko forget his papers?

b. ნიკოს სად დაავიწყდა თავისი ქაღალდები?
nik'os sad daavic'q'da tavisi kaghaldebi?
Nik'o-DAT where Preverb-Neutr.vers-.forget.-3Subj.AOR his(REFL)-NOM. paper-Pl-NOM
Where did Niko forget his papers?

c. თავისი ქაღალდები სად დაავიწყდა ნიკოს ?
tavisi kaghaldebi sad daavic'q'da nik'os?
his(REFL)-NOM. paper-Pl-NOM where Preverb-Neutr.vers-.forget.-3Subj.AOR Nik'o-DAT
Where did Niko forget his papers?

d. ნიკოს თავისი ქაღალდები სად დაავიწყდა?
nik'os tavisi kaghaldebi sad daavic'q'da?
Nik'o-DAT his(REFL)-NOM. paper-Pl-NOM where Preverb-Neutr.vers-.forget.-3Subj.AOR
Where did Niko forget his papers?

გუშინ	სტუმრები	მოვიდნენ	და	მე	სახლში	არ	ვიყავი
gushin	st'umr-eb-i	mo-vid-nen	da	me	saxl-shi	ar	v-iq'avi
yesterday	guest-Pl-Nom	Preverb-com-3Subj.Pl.AOR.	and	I	house-in	not	1Subj.-be.AOR.

მე	მივდივარ,	ნინო	რჩება
me	mi-v-di-var,	Nino-ø	rcheb-a
I.NOM	Preverb-1Subj-go-Aux.verb.PRES	Nino-NOM	stay-3Subj.PRES

დედა	სადილს	ამზადებს	და	ნინო	თამაშობს
deda-ø	sadil-s	amzad-eb-s	da	nino-ø	tamash-ob-s
mother-Nom	lunch-Dat	prepare-Them.suff.-3Subj.PRES	and	Nino-Nom.	play-Them.suff.-3Subj.PRES

მე	მინდა	წასვლა	მაგრამ	ნინო	არ	მოდის
me	m-ind-a	c'asvla-ø	magram	Nino-ø	ar	mo-di-s
I	1Obj.-want-3Subj.PRES.INVERS.	go-Nom.	but	Nino-Nom	not	Preverb-come-3Subj.PRES

ან	პალტო	ჩაიცვი,	ან	სახლიდან	არ	გამოხვიდე.
an	palt'o-ø	cha-icvi	an	saxl-idan	ar	gamo-x-vid-e.
or	coat-Nom	Preverb-2Subj.dress.IMPERATIVE	or	house-from	not	Preverb-2Subj.-come-OPT (Imperative)

როცა	სტუმრები	მოვიდნენ,	სახლში	არ	ვიყავი
roca	st'umr-eb-i	mo-vid-nen	saxl-shi	ar	v-iq'avi.
when	guest-Pl-Nom	Preverb-com-3Subj.Pl.AOR	house-in	not	1Subj-be.AOR

(4)	a	გელა ფიქრობს, რომ ნინო მოვა. gela-ø pikr-ob-s, rom nino-ø mo-v-a Gela-NOM think-Them.suff.-3Subj.PRES that Nino-NOM Preverb-come-3Subj.FUT Gela thinks that Nino will come

	b	მსურს, რომ ნინო მოვიდეს. m-sur-s, rom nino-ø mo-vid-e-s 1Obj-want-3Subj.PRES.INVRS. that Nino-NOM Preverb-come-OPT-3Subj I want Nino to come
	c	მსურს ნინოს მოსვლა. m-sur-s Nino-s mo-svla-ø 1Obj-want-3Subj.PRES.INVRS. Nino-DAT Preverb-come-NOM I want Nino to come

(5)	a	ნიკო ტაქსის მძღოლია. nik'o-ø t'aks-is mdzghol-i-a Niko-NOM taxi-GEN driver-NOM-is Niko is a taxi driver

	b	ვანომ იცის, რომ ნიკო ტაქსის მძღოლია. vano-m ici-s, rom nik'o-ø t'aks-is mdzghol-i-a Vano-ERG know-3Subj.PRES that Niko-NOM taxi-GEN driver-NOM-is Vano knows that Niko is a taxi driver

(6)	a	ნინო გაიმარჯვებს. nino-ø ga-i-mardzhv-eb-s Nino-NOM Preverb-Subj.version-win-Them.suff.-3Subj.FUT Nino will win

	b	გელას უნდა, რომ ნინომ გაიმარჯოს. gela-s und-a, rom nino-m ga-i-mardzh-o-s Gela-DAT want-3Subj.PRES.INVERS. that Nino-ERG Preverb-Subj.vers.-win-OPT-3Subj Gela wants Nino to win

(7)	a	მინდა/ვაპირებ გამოვაცხო ნამცხვარი. m-ind-a 1Obj-want-3Subj.PRES.INVRS. v-ap'ir-eb 1Subj-intend-Them.suff.PRES gamo-v-acx-o Preverb-1Subj-bake-OPT namcxvar-i cake-NOM I want/intend/to bake a cake

(7)	b	მინდოდა/დავაპირე გამომეცხო ნამცხვარი. m-ind-od-a 1Obj-want-Stem prod.suffix-3Subj.IMP.INVRS. da-v-ap'ir-e Preverb-1Subj-intend-AOR. gamo-m-ecx-o Preverb-1Obj.bake-PLUP.INVERS. namcxvar-i cake-NOM I wanted/intended/to bake a cake

(7)	c	მომინდომებია/დამიპირებია გამომეცხო ნამცხვარი. mo-m-ind-om-eb-ia/ Preverb-1Obj-want-Stem prod.suffix-Perfect.INVERS. da-m-ip'ir-eb-ia Preverb-1Obj-intend-Them.suff.-Perfect.INVERS. gamo-m-ecx-o Preverb-1Obj.bake-PLUP.INVERS. namcxvar-i cake-NOM I have wanted/intended/to bake a cake

(9)	a	მან მოიყვანა მეგობარი man mo-i-q'van-a megobar-i he-ERG Preverb-Rel.mark.-bring-3Subj.AOR friend-NOM He brought a friend with him

	b	მან მოახერხა მეგობრის მოყვანა man mo-a-xerx-a megobr-is moq'vana-ø he-ERG Preverb-Neutr.vers.-manage-3Subj.AOR firend-GEN bring-NOM He managed to bring a friend with him ("He managed friend's bringing")

	c	მან მოახერხა, რომ მეგობარი მოეყვანა man mo-a-xerx-a rom megobar-i mo-eq'van-a he-ERG Preverb-Neutr.vers.-manage-3Subj.AOR that friend-NOM Preverb-Rel.mark.-bring-3Subj.Pluperfect He managed to bring a friend with him

(10)	a	დავაპირებ სტატიის დაწერა-ს da-v-a-p'ir-eb st'at'i-is da-c'er-a-s Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-Them.suff.FUT article-GEN Preverb-write-Masdar sufffix-DAT I will intend to write an article

	b	დავაპირე სტატიის დაწერა da-v-a-p'ir-e st'at'i-is da-c'er-a-ø Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-AOR article-GEN Preverb-write-Masdar sufffix-NOM I intended to write an article

	c	დავაპირებ, რომ სტატია დავწერო da-v-a-p'ir-eb Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-Them.suff.FUT rom st'at'ia-ø da-v-c'er-o that article-NOM Preverb-1Subj-write-OPT I will intend to write an article
	d	დავაპირე, რომ სტატია დამეწერა davap'ire Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-AOR rom st'at'ia-ø da-m-e-c'er-a that article-NOM Preverb-1Subj.Invers.-Vowel prefix-write-3Subj.PLUP.INVERS I Iintended to write an article

(11)	a	შევედი სამზარეულოში სადილის მოსამზადებლად. she-ø-ved-i samzareulo-shi sadil-is mo-sa-mzadeb-l-ad Preverb-1Subj-go-AOR kitchen-in lunch-GEN Preverb-appointed for-prepare-Stem suff.-Adverbial case I went into the kitchen to prepare lunch.

	b	შევედი სამზარეულოში, რომ სადილი მომემზადებინა. she-ø-ved-i samzareulo-shi, rom sadil-i mo-m-e-mzadebin-a Preverb-1Subj-go-AOR kitchen-in that lunch-NOM Preverb-1Obj-Rel.mark.-prepare-3Subj.PLUP.INVERS I went into the kitchen to prepare lunch.

Gramm. role	Finite verb	Masdar (Infinitive)
SUB intr	კაცი მოვიდა k'ac-i mo-vid-a man-NOM Preverb-come-3Subj.AOR	კაცის მოსვლა k'ac-is mo-svla-ø man-GEN Preverb-come-NOM
DO trans	(ის) წერილს წერს (is) c'eril-s c'er-s (he-NOM) letter-DAT write-3Subj.PRES	წერილის დაწერა c'eril-is da-c'era-ø letter-GEN Preverb-write-NOM
DO trans	(მან) წერილი დაწერა (man) c'eril-i da-c'er-a (he-ERG) letter-NOM Preverb-write-3Subj.AOR	წერილის დაწერა c'eril-is da-c'era-ø letter-GEN Preverb-write-NOM
SUB trans	კაცი (წერილს) წერს k'ac-i (c'eril-s) c'er-s man-NOM (letter-DAT) write-3Subj.PRES	დაწერა კაცის მიერ da-c'era-ø k'ac-is mier Preverb-write-NOM man-GEN by
SUB trans	კაცმა (წერილი) დაწერა k'ac-ma (c'eril-i) da-c'er-a man-ERG (letter-NOM) Preverb-write-3Subj.AOR	დაწერა კაცის მიერ da-c'era-ø k'ac-is mier Preverb-write-NOM man-GEN by
IO ditrans	(კაცი) (წერილს) მეგობარს მისწერს (k'ac-i) (c'eril-s) megobar-s mi-s-c'er-s (man-NOM) (letter-DAT) friend-DAT Prev.-3Ind.Obj.-write-3Subj.FUT	მიწერა მეგობრისთვის mi-c'era-ø megobr-is-tvis Preverb-write-NOM friend-GEN-for

(12)	a	მინდა სტატიის წერა. m-ind-a st'at'i-is c'er-a-ø 1Obj-want-3Subj.PRES.INVRS. article-GEN write-Masdar sufffix-NOM I want to write an article

	b	მინდა სტატიის დაწერა. m-ind-a st'at'i-is da-c'er-a-ø 1Obj-want-3Subj.PRES.INVRS. article-GEN Preverb-write-Masdar suff.-NOM I want to write (=finish) the article

(13)	a	დავაპირე შარვლის შეკერვა. da-v-a-p'ir-e sharvl-is she-k'erv-a-ø Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-AOR trousers-GEN Preverb-sew-Masd.suff.-NOM I intended to sew trousers

	b	დავაპირე შარვლის შეკერვინება. da-v-a-p'ir-e sharvl-is she-k'erv-in-eb-a-ø Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-AOR trousers-GEN Preverb-sew-Caus.-Them.suff.-Masdar Suff.-NOM I intended to get trousers sewn
	c	დავაპირე, რომ შარვალი ნიკოს შევაკერინო. da-v-a-pir-e, rom sharval-i Nik'o-s she-v-a-k'er-in-o Preverb-1Subj.-Neutr.vers.-intend-AOR that trousers-NOM Nik'o-DAT Preverb-1Subj-CausPr-sew-CausSuf-OPT I intended to make Niko sew trousers.

1 (a)	რატომ არ ჭამ? -- არ მინდა. rat'om ar ø-ch'am? -- ar m-ind-a why NEG 2Subj-eat.PRES -- NEG 1Obj-want-3Subj.PRES.INVERS. Why do you not eat it? -- I don't want to.
(b)	ვერ ჭამ. კბილი მტკივა. ver v-ch'am. k'bili m-t'k'iv-a NEG 1Subj.-eat.PRES. tooth-NOM 1Obj-pain-3Subj.PRES.INVERS. -- I can't eat. My tooth is aching.
(c)	ამდენს ნუ ჭამ! ავად გახდები. amdens nu ø-ch'am! avad ga-ø-xdebi so.much-DAT NEG 2Subj-eat.PRES sick Preverb-2Subj-become.FUT Don't eat so much. You will be sick.

ვინ	vin	Who
რა	ra	What
სად	sad	Where
როდის	rodis	When
რატომ	rat'om	Why
საიდან	saidan	Where from
როგორ	rogor	How
რამდენი	ramdeni	How many, how much
რანაირი	ranairi	What kind
საითკენ	saitk'en	In what direction
როდემდე	rodemde	to what time, until when

4. a	სად დაავიწყდა ნიკოს თავისი ქაღალდები? sad da-a-vic'q'd-a nik'o-s tavis-i kaghald-eb-i? where Preverb-Neutr.vers-.forget.-3Subj.AOR Nik'o-DAT his(REFL)-NOM. paper-Pl-NOM Where did Niko forget his papers?
b.	ნიკოს სად დაავიწყდა თავისი ქაღალდები? nik'os sad daavic'q'da* tavisi kaghaldebi? Nik'o-DAT where Preverb-Neutr.vers-.forget.-3Subj.AOR his(REFL)-NOM. paper*-Pl-NOM Where did Niko forget his papers?
c.	თავისი ქაღალდები სად დაავიწყდა ნიკოს ? tavisi kaghaldebi sad daavic'q'da* nik'os?* his(REFL)-NOM. paper-Pl-NOM where Preverb-Neutr.vers-.forget.-3Subj.AOR Nik'o-DAT Where did Niko forget his papers?
d.	ნიკოს თავისი ქაღალდები სად დაავიწყდა? nik'os tavisi kaghaldebi sad daavic'q'da? Nik'o-DAT his(REFL)-NOM. paper-Pl-NOM where Preverb-Neutr.vers-.forget.-3Subj.AOR Where did Niko forget his papers?