Variants of the subject person markers (morphological variants)
Variants of the object person markers (phonetic variants)
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The Georgian verb has different forms for the first, second and third persons of the subject, and also for singular and plural (v-xat'av, xat'av, xat'av-s, v-xat'av-t, xat'av-t xat'av-en). Compare, for instance, English (I, you, we, they paint, he paint-s). But not only does the subject (the acting person) have a marker in the verb form, but the object may also be marked.

The second subject person marker is x- x- in two verbs in modern Georgian. These verbs are: yofna q'opna to be and svla svla to go

Both subject and object are marked in some verb forms (e. g.: when the first person object and the third person subject are combined: m-xatav-s, m-xat'av-s he is painting me /my portrait/).
The verb paints remains unchanged in English regardless of how the object person changes but a verb changes its form in Georgian depending not only on the subject (acting) person, but also on the object (object of action) person.
Both subject and object persons may have their markers (representatives) in a Georgian verb:
 

In certain constructions, only the object will be marked. Such a marking takes place for example when the subject is the third person singular (is he) and the direct object is the second person plural (Tqven you):
 

Subject	Verb (predicate)	Direct object
is	g-xatav-T	Tqven
is	g-xat'av-t	tkven
he	is painting	you /Plural/

Such a marking takes place for ex

Both the prefix g- g- and the suffix -T -t (in the form g-xatav-T g-xat'av-t) are markers of the object Tqven tkven you.
The prefix g- g- denotes that the object is the second person, and the suffix -T -t indicates that the object is in the plural.

Below we analyse an example where the subject person (one who is painting) remains unchanged (in the third person, the singular, marked with the bold) and only the direct object person (one who/what is being painted) changes by persons (marked with the bold italic).
 

is me m-aqebs is me m-akebs (he praises me)
is Sen g-aqebs   is shen g-akebs (he praises you)
is mas  ø-aqebs is mas ø-akebs (he praises him/her)

is Cven gv-aqebs is chven gv-akebs (he praises us)
is Tqven g-aqeb-T   is tkven g-akeb-t (he praises you)
is maT  øaqebs is mat  ø-akebs (he praises them)

The first and the second subject person markers do not change after the screeves (tense/aspect/mood forms). They remain the same in all eleven rows (screeves) and in any verb, while the third person subject person markers differ from one another in certain tense/aspect/mood forms ("screeves") and partially according to the transitivity of a verb.
 

For example:

The first subject person:

• v-aTbob v-atbob - I am warming something - the present tense; the transitive verb:

the verb has a direct object
• v-Tbebi v-tbebi - I am warming /myself/ -  the present tense; the intransitive verb:

the verb has no direct object
• ga-v-aTbe ga-v-atbe - I warmed something - the past tense, a perfective aspect:

the action is completed; the transitive verb: the verb has a direct object
• ga-v-Tbi ga-v-tbi - I warmed /myself/  - the past tense, a perfective aspect:

the action is completed; the intransitive verb: the verb has no direct object)

•   ø-aTbob ø-atbob - You are warming something - the present tense; the transitive verb: the verb has a direct object
•   ø-Tbebi ø-tbebi - You are warming /yourselves/ -the present tense; the intransitive verb: the verb has no direct object
• ga-ø-aTbe ga-ø-atbe - You warmed something - the past tense, a perfective aspect: the action is completed; the transitive verb: the verb has a direct object
• ga-ø-Tbi ga-ø-tbi - You warmed /yourselves/ -  the past tense, a perfective aspect: the action is completed; the intransitive verb: the verb has no direct object)

• aTbob-s  atbob-s - He/she is warming something - transitive verb /having a direct object/, present
•  Tbeb-a  tbeb-a - He/she is warming /him/her/selvf/ - intransitive verb, present
• gaaTb-o gaatb-o - He/she warmed something - transitive verb, past, perfective aspect: the action is completed
• gaTb-a gatb-a - He/she warmed /him/her/self/ -  intransitive verb, perfective aspect: the action is completed

The third person marker in the singular is -a-a in the verbs ending in the suffixe -eb-i -eb-i  in the first and the second subject persons. In almost all other cases the third subject person marker in the singular in the present is -s -s:
 

me me (I)	v-Tb-eb-i  v-tb-eb-i  (I am warming myself)
Sen shen (you)	Tb-eb-i  tb-eb-i (you are warming yourselves)
is is s/he	Tb-eb-a  tb-eb-a (he is warming himself)

 

me me (I)	v-mRer-i v-mgher-i (I am singing)
Sen shen (you)	mRer-i mgher-i (you are singing)
is is s/he	mRer-i-s mgher-i-s (he is singing)

 

me me (I)	v-aSen-eb v-ashen-eb (I am building)
Sen shen (you)	aSen-eb ashen-eb (you are building)
is is s/he	aSen-eb-s ashen-eb-s (s/he is building)

The plural (in the present tense): if the third person marker is preceded by the vowel -i-i, the third subject person marker in the plural is -an -an. In all other positions the third subject person marker in the plural is -en -en:
 

Cven chven (we)	v-Tb-eb-i-T  v-tb-eb-i-t  (we are warming ourselves)
Tqven tkven   (you)	Tb-eb-i-T tb-eb-i-t (you are warming yourselves)
isini isini (they)	Tb-eb-i-an  tb-eb-i-an (they are warming themselves)

 

Cven chven (we)	v-mRer-i-T v-mgher-i-t (we are singing)
Tqven tkven   (you)	mRer-i-T mgher-i-t (you are singing)
isini isini (they)	mRer-i-an mgher-i-an (they are singing)

 
 

Cven chven (we)	v-aSen-eb-T v-ashen-eb-t (we are building)
Tqven tkven   (you)	aSen-eb-T ashen-eb-t (you are building)
isini isini (they)	aSen-eb-en ashen-eb-en (they are building)

In the present tense the third subject person markers differ depending on the structure of the stem.

Observe: this classification concerns only the ending of verbs in the present tense.

EXAMPLES:

1. Class 1: Verbs having a direct object and ending in the sequence -VC (vowel-consonant)
(-eb, -ob, -av, -am, -ev, etc.)

Class 3, subgroup ending in -i. Verbs having no direct object (or a labil direct object) and ending in -i. The ending -i -i is not preceded by the suffix -eb- in the first and the second subject persons (unlike the type 1 above) signals the ending -s -s in the third person singular and -i-an -i-an in the third person plural in the present tense:

me me (I)	v-mRer-i (simReras) v-mgher-i (I am singing a song)	Cven chven (we)	v-mRer-i-T v-mgher-i-t (We are singing)
Sen shen (you)	mRer-i mgher-i (You are singing)	Tqven tkven   (you)	mRer-i-T mgher-i-t (You are singing)
is is s/he	mRer-i-s mgher-i-s (He is singing)	isini isini (they)	mRer-i-an mgher-i-an (They are singing)

me me (I)	v-dga-var v-dga-var (I am standing)	Cven chven (we)	v-dga-var-T v-dga-var-t (We are standing)
Sen shen (you)	dga-xar dga-xar (You are standing)	Tqven tkven (you)	dga-xar-T dga-xar-t (You are standing)
is is s/he	dga-s dga-s (He is standing)	isini isini they	dga-n-an dga-n-an (They are standing)

 

me me (I)	v-wer-i-var v-c'er-i-var (I am written)	Cven chven (we)	v-wer-i-var-T v-c'er-i-var-t (We are written)
Sen shen (you)	wer-i-xar c'er-i-xar (You are written)	Tqven tkven (you)	wer-i-xar-T c'er-i-xar-t (You are written)
is is s/he	wer-i-a c'er-i-an (He is written)	isini isini they	wer-i-an c'er-i-an (They are written)

Indirect object person markers

The indirect object person has the same markers as a direct object. The only one difference is that an indirect object has a marker in the third person too, while a direct object persons does not. Usually, only two person markers at the same time may be presented in the Georgian verb.
In the example below the subject is marked with red, the direct object with blue, and the indirect object with yellow. The subject and the indirect object have their markers in the verb, while the direct object has no marker ("no blue marker in the verb"):
 

An indirect object marker in the third person may be presented with these phonetic variants:

• no marker in front of the vowels,
• s- s- in front of the one group of consonants:

(d d, T t, t t', Z dz, c c, w c', j dzh, C ch, W ch')
• h h- in front of other consonants

The tendency to lose the third person indirect object marker is evidenced in the western dialects of Georgian and in the modern standard Georgian.

More details
Since the subject and object persons are marked in the verb form, the word order is more or less free in Georgian. All these forms below express one and the same meaning:
 

The same feature of the Georgian verb means that the first and the second person pronouns have one and the same form regardless of whether they function as the subject or the object in the sentence. The form of the pronoun does not change and no change in word order is necessary either. The form of the verb shows the function of the first and the second person pronouns:
 

Sen me m-xatav me Sen m-xatav Sen m-xatav me me m-xatav Sen shen me m-xat'av me shen m-xat'av shen m-xat'av me me m-xat'av shen You are painting me

Regardless of the word order in this sentences, Sen shen (you) remains the subject (one who is painting). Its marker is "zero-marker" in the verb. me me (I) remains the object (one who is being painted), marked with the first object person marker m- m-  in the verb.  The first person pronoun has no special form for the dative case (the case of the object person in the present tense). Instead, it has an object marker in the verb.

Sen me g-xatav me Sen g-xatav Sen g-xatav me me g-xatav Sen shen meg-xat'av me sheng-xat'av shen g-xat'av me me  g-xat'av shen I am painting you

Regardless of the word order in this sentences, Sen shen (you) remains the object (one who is being painted). Its marker is the prefix g- g- in the verb. me me (I) remains the subject (one who is painting). Its marker is "zero-marker" in the verb.  The second person pronoun has no special form for the dative case (the case of the object person in the present tense). Instead, it has an object marker in the verb.

 INVERSION

Compare:

Case marking is also inversive in these verbs: the subject person is marked by the dative case, while the object person is marked by the nominative case. This is more obvious in the third person (because the first and the second person personal pronouns do not change the form in nominative and dative):

Inversion in the three series:

As is mentioned above, in certain types of the verbs -- verbs, denoting possession (e. g.: me maqvs saxli  me makvs saxli I have a house) and verbs expressing feelings, emotions (e. g.: me mciva me mciva It is cold to me; me miyvars me miq'vars I love) -- inversion occurs in all  three series. A subject (either a subject having something or somebody, or an experiencing subject) is marked as an object in the verb form; e. g.:

A subject of such verbs occurs as a possessor or as an experiencer (/experiencing) subject, which means that the subject is not active (or agentive), but rather passive. It is just experiencing the feeling or receiving the thing that is given (or that belongs) to him/her.
Thus, subject is marked by m-series markers in these verbs in all three series.

Inversion only in the third series
Inversion is evidenced in the III series forms of certain types of direct verbs (Type 2, 3, 4, 5). In the third series  action expressed by a verb is represented more as a result, than as a process. The possessor of the result (logical subject) is marked as an object in the verb form. e. g.

It is just the result, and not the process of writing, that is emphasised here. The first person, the one who has written, is represented not as an actor, one who is acting, but as a possessor of a result. That is why it is marked by the dative case and it is marked as an object in the verb form.

This function of the perfect (// the first resultative) and the pluperfect (// the second resultative), to emphasise the result and not the process, dictates that these formes be used when the person telling the story has not seen an action or a process, but has witnessed the result of the action.

Negation and inversion

Forms of the third series (particularly, the resultative 1) are used in negative clauses too when the speaker wants to mention only the result, but not about his or her own part in or attitude toward the process that caused these consequences, e. g.
 
• ar davwere ar davc'ere  (the verb is in the aorist) means that I have not written because I did not want to write.
• ver davwere ver davc'ere  (the verb is still in the aorist but another particle of negation occurs)  means that I have not written because I did not manage to write; this nuance is expressed by the particle ver ver.
• ar damiweria ar damic'eria (the verb in the resultative 1) denotes just the result (that I have not written) without showing the reason for or the speaker's attitude toward this fact.

Conjugation of the verbs myavs mq'avs (I have) and maqvs makvs (I have) in the present